Abstract

Abstract— concrete is a widely used building material all over the world. Concrete is a cement, water, and aggregate mixture, and it issafe to say that it will play an important role in improving or upgrading our infrastructure. In a box of concrete: What is the definition of confined concrete? Confined concrete is concrete that is subjected to a uniaxial load (for example, in Cylinders) while having transverse reinforcement such as circular hoops or a helical spring. Confined concrete's stress-strain characteristics differ significantly from those of ordinary concrete. What you need to understand is that the load is perpendicular to the direction of reinforcement, causing the concrete to be constrained. Stress-strain curves for concrete members: The stress-strain curve of a material depicts the material's relationship between stress and strain. This curve is unique to each material and is determined by measuring the amount of strain or deformation at different stress intervals in relation to the original specimen's cross-sectional area and length. These curves reveal important material properties such as modulus of elasticity (E), yield stress (in metallic materials), ultimate strength, and ultimate strain, but more importantly, they reveal fundamental information required for advanced engineering applications such as moment-curvature analysis, which shows the available flexural strength and ductility. In this scenario, the research will concentrate on the stress-strain behaviour ofconstrained concrete.Keywords— Confined concrete; Ductility; Fiber reinforced polymers; Stress; Strain