Abstract

Abstract: This article examines the role of political institutions in the consolidation of democracy, which is defined as the process by which democracy becomes stable, legitimate, and enduring. It reviews the existing literature on the topic and identifies the main factors that contribute to democratic consolidation, such as economic development, civil society, rule of law, horizontal and vertical accountability, and international influences. It also discusses the challenges and risks of democratic deconsolidation, which occurs when democratic norms and institutions are eroded or reversed. The article concludes by suggesting some policy implications and directions for future research. Keywords: Democratic consolidation, political institutions, economic development, civil society, rule of law, accountability, international influences, democratic deconsolidation